Purpose: The present study investigated the most appropriate FOOTPRINT index and its related parameters for the diagnosis of flatfoot, especially in cases with mild deformity. Methods: In total, 148 FOOTPRINTs were recorded from 77 young women with flatfoot. FOOTPRINTs were classified into three groups of mild, moderate, and sever. FOOTPRINT INDEXES included Sztriter-Godunov (KY), Clarke’ s Angle (CA), Chippaux-Smirak Index (CSI), and Staheli (ST) INDEXES. The mentioned INDEXES and their relevant parameters were calculated on the FOOTPRINTs in the aforementioned groups. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify proper components for the diagnosis of flatfoot. By multivariate analysis of variance, between-group differences were assessed. A Chi-squared test was used to identify the most accurate index for the diagnosis of mild flatfoot. Results: Exploratory factor analysis based on the parameters of FOOTPRINT INDEXES identified three essential components. Two identified components were based on the 6 parameters of CSI, KY, and ST INDEXES in moderate and sever FOOTPRINTs. The third component was related to FOOTPRINTs with mild grading and was composed of three extracted parameters from midfoot region. Moreover, the linear combination of the three last parameters suggested a significant difference between three groups (P<0. 01). Eventually, KY index could identify the highest number of flatfoots in the mild group (P=0. 000). Conclusion: Study findings revealed that INDEXES in which parameters were extracted from midfoot region could be suitable for the diagnosis of mild flatfoot. KY index’ s parameters were extracted from midfoot. Considering that KY could identify several remarkable mild flatfoots in comparison with other INDEXES, we can introduce it as a proper index.

Introduction: Various methods are used to address the foot structure however, the most common and easy to use method is foot print method which is capable to detect the wide variation of foot morphology and providing information about the distribution of foot type. Most of the studies regarding foot print INDEXES have been reported during static condition and in a single limb support. However, there is no enough evidence regarding the foot print INDEXES in dynamic condition and also in static equal weight bearing condition. The aim of this research was to find the mean values of the foot print INDEXES in static condition, equal weight bearing condition, and during walking. Moreover, it was aimed at finding the correlation between static and dynamic INDEXES.Materials and Methods: Two groups of 30 normal and flatfoot subjects were recruited in this clinical trial study. They were selected from the staff and students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The FOOTPRINT INDEXES were collected during static and dynamic conditions. Arch index, FOOTPRINT index and FOOTPRINT angle were the parameters determined via Solid Work software. The difference in FOOTPRINT INDEXES between normal and flat-arched subjects was evaluated through two-sample t test. The Pearson correlation test was used to determine the relationship between the static and dynamic conditions.Results: The FOOTPRINT INDEXES of normal and flat footed subjects differed significantly from each other (P<0.05). In addition, there was a correlation between the static and dynamic INDEXES (r>0.808).Conclusion: FOOTPRINT index can be used to monitor the foot misalignment in flat arched subjects. As there was a significant correlation between static and dynamic conditions, it is suggested to monitor foot alignment during walking with regard to those INDEXES measured in the static condition.

Background: Foot's morphological structure has an important role in load transition to the joints and body's organs. There are several FOOTPRINT based INDEXES evaluating the foot's situation. The features recommended for a new device for foot assessment include reliability, simplicity in use, quantitative output, simplicity in measuring, low cost and being non-invasive.Materials and Methods: In design and manufacturing of the device's hardware, in addition to the visual parameters, its capability in bearing repeating forces up to 120 (kg), providing a natural standing situation for the patient and a strong light source to be able to scan even in the day light was considered. Also special application and computational requirements, like high speed data analysis, user friend software, automated data gathering etc. were considered in software design.Results: This device is capable of evaluating the main FOOTPRINT based INDEXES including Arch Index (AI), Staheli Index (SI), Chippaux-Smirak (CSI), FOOTPRINT Angle (FPA) and Flatfoot Index (FFI) and documents the results.Conclusion: Podographometer has important advantages over similar foreign devices such as intelligent separation of contact parts of with ground from other parts of foot, selection of suitable index from extensive spectrum of INDEXES by user and diagnosing by using radiographic images.

The rapid growth of global population has placed an immense stress on the demand of natural resources and contributes to the destruction of the natural environment. As the planet is now consuming natural resources in the production of goods and services faster than the environment can regenerate, strategies are urgently required to manage the ecological assets in a more effective way. The planet has biophysical limits on natural resources production and waste absorption. Buildings are one of the main factors in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings consume about 40% of global energy consumption. All building services such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems consume more than 60% energy in buildings, which is mainly supplied by fossil resources. Today, because of the need for an effective method to achieve efficient energy and biocompatible architecture, the use of natural ventilation systems in buildings has become more significant. One of the methods to create comfortable conditions in the interior is a use of evaporative cooling in the cooling systems. Unlike air conditioners, evaporative cooling can be considered as an acceptable solution for sustainable construction, which reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gases. Evaporative cooling is widely used as a passive cooling method in the built environment. In the system, the movement of air on a wet surface causes the water evaporation through the air energy absorption, thereby reducing the temperature and increasing the amount of vapor contained in the air. We need indicators to demonstrate the current carrying capacity of the Earth so that decision makers are better informed to set goals, establish options for actions, and monitor progress regarding stated goals. FOOTPRINT is a quantitative measurement of natural resources and it is used to assess the extent of human activities impact on global sustainability. Ecological FOOTPRINT was initially developed by Wackernagel and Rees in 1992, and is now widely used as an indicator for environmental sustainability. The international average water FOOTPRINT is 7452(〖 Gm〗 ^3⁄ year) and this amount is reported to be 102/65(〖 Gm〗 ^3⁄ year) for Iran. The aim of this study is to design a Passive cooling system to provide comfortable conditions in residential Buildings. Also, with minimal water and electricity consumption, it will reduce ecological FOOTPRINTs and water FOOTPRINTs and also reduce the amount of electricity consumption in the building. This research was done experimentally-analytically. In order to calculate the efficiency of the proposed system, on August 4th to 7th, the temperature, humidity, and wind speed of the interior room were measured by considering the system. The Hybrid Passive Cooling System (HPCS) consisted of two distinctive systems: the Solar Chimney (SC) and Evaporative Cooling Cavity (ECC). The ECC system was connected to the northern view of the room and SC system was installed to the southern view of the room. The air entered the tower via the openings of the head tower in all directions and passed through the clay cylinders. In this section, the air is cooled and diverted downward. The SC system creates sufficient temperature difference between the interior and exterior by maximizing the solar energy gain and performed air ventilation in the SC and ECC systems. The proposed hybrid system was built in the campus of Azad University, Kermanshah branch in August and was tested from August 4th to 7th. In order to calculate the efficiency of the proposed system, on August 4th to 7th, the temperature, humidity, and wind speed of the interior room were measured by considering the HPCS. To evaluate the water consumption of the HPCS, two scenarios were considered and their results were compared with each other. Scenario (1): on August 4th-7th, the amount of water reduction inside the clay cylinders was measured from 9: 00 AM to 3: 00 PM. Scenario (2): On August 18, the room temperature and humidity were measured from 9: 00 AM to 3: 00 PM. Based on the results, Cool performance of HPCS: the lowest temperature was recorded 21. 1 ° C at 9: 00 AM on the 5th of August. The lowest temperature is noon on 22. 9℃ and on the 6th of August. At 3 PM, the lowest air temperature of 23. 72 was reached on the 5th of August. The highest difference between the temperature of the inlet windcatcher and the outside environment is 16. 3℃ , which is on the 7th of August and at 3: 00 PM. the ECC system can increase the RH of air by an average of 34 %. the highest outlet air velocity of the tower is 0. 72 m⁄ s, at 3: 00 PM on the 5th of August. The lowest air velocity is 0. 5 m⁄ s at 9: 00 AM on the 6th of August. Water and electricity consumption of evaporative cooler in scenario 2: To investigate scenario 2, on August 18, the temperature and humidity inside the room and the outside environment were measured from 9: 00 AM to 3: 00 PM. The lowest and highest levels of indoor humidity are 16% at 3 PM and 27% at Noon, respectively, while the outdoor humidity is 13% at 3 PM and 19% at 12 Noon. The evaporative cooler lowers the indoor ambient temperature by an average of 5% and increases the ambient humidity by an average of 7%. Comparison of electricity and water used in scenarios 1 and 2: The amount of electricity consumed in Scenario 1 is zero, but in Scenario 2, this value is 12112. 9 kJ per day. The environmental FOOTPRINT of electricity consumed in Scenario 1 is zero, but in Scenario 2, it is 1. 05 Gigabits per year. The water used in Scenario 2 is 0. 04 m^3more than Scenario 1. The results showed that the chamber can provide comfort conditions with zero energy consumption by using a hybrid system during the hottest days of the year from 9: 00 AM to 3: 00 PM. The power consumption of the evaporative cooler in the 3 months of summer is 1. 13 GJ, while the power consumption of the designed hybrid system is zero. The ecological FOOTPRINT of the power consumption of this system is zero, while the ecological FOOTPRINT of the evaporative cooler is 1. 05(Gj⁄ year). From the data obtained, we conclude that the passive hybrid cooling system has the lowest ecological FOOTPRINT of water and electricity compared to evaporative coolers. The system is also able to provide indoor comfort on the hottest days of the year.

One of the image processing applications is feature extraction for recognition purposes. Due to the fact that neonate has been in amniotic fluid inside mother's uterus at least for six month, upon birth, would have no fingerprints recognizable. So to clearly recognize a neonate, FOOTPRINT pattern can be used. This pattern consists of lines in different directions and in some position contains cross lines. In this paper, for each right FOOTPRINT image of neonate, these lines after brightening, by using Radon Transformation would be recognized and with clustering in the Radon space, lines with higher value would be selected and then in spatial space it would be back projected along with initial brightened image. At the end, by using Eucleadin distance of points according to lines in the Radon space an unknown image among the existing images in the bank would be recognized. To the best knowledge of the authors, this research is first being carried out on neonate FOOTPRINT and usage of some new algorithms of feature extraction, this proposed method can be used by relevant institute for recognition.

Zahak in the Shahnameh is an evil character who has produced one of the worst historical-mythical periods. In the Shahnameh, with the guidance of Iblis, he kills his father, carnivores, slaughters and destroys the world. The character of Iblis, with an extroverted interpretation of the myth, with the signs that it is, must be the mother of Zahak. In Shahnameh's account of human actions, he reflects a family plot with his son Zahak against his wife Mardas. In the mythical depiction of the mother of Zahak in the religious epistle Oudg, whose actions in Zoroastrian texts correspond to those of Iblis in the Shahnameh narrative. In the depiction of social history, the Zakah government system is a matriarchal system. In the ancient tribal mother-mother (the devil), the cultivation of the land was flourished by killing the old king (Mardas) and spilling his blood on agricultural fields (killing Mardas in the garden) and marrying a young hero (Zahak). On the historical front, Zahak is also reminiscent of the Western invasion of Iran. One example of a widespread Western invasion of Iran in the Western chronicles is the invasion of the kingdom of Nineus and Nineas with the mighty Queen Samiramis. There are many similarities between the actions of Samiramis and Ninias or Ninius with Iblis (Zahak's mother) and Zahak, which indicates the presence of the powerful female element in Zahak's court.

Introduction The concept of ecological FOOTPRINT was first proposed by Rees (1992) and further developed by Wackernagel and Yount (2000). This is an index based on the land area needed for basic requirements and also the waste disposal of an individual in a specific geographic location and usually calculated on the basis of area per capita which is normally global hectare (Gha) per capita. Based on the report of World Wildlife Found, total world ecological FOOTPRINT for the year 2010 has been estimated to be 18. 2 billion global hectares (Gha) with a per capita 2. 7 Gha. This index is reciprocal of carrying capacity. During the last two decades ecological FOOTPRINT accounting is used widely for evaluation of ecosystems sustainability. However, limited information is available about ecological FOOTPRINT of Iran and its components. In this research the state of production and consumption of different food stuffs and ecological FOOTPRINT of food were calculated for Iran and the results are compared with other countries. Materials and Methods Data was collected for different group of agriculture foods including cereals, oil crops, pulses, dairy products, meat, fruits and vegetables from Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, Ministry of Commerce and also from other published data in official databases in the country. Calculation was made by the method provided in the literature. Based on these factors ecological foodprint for each food product (efi) on the bases of Gha can be calculated from equation 1. i i e i ef A f,   Equation (1) In which efi: is the foodprint for product i, Ai: is the land area required for the same product i and fe, i: is the conversion factor for product i (Gha per ha). Calculation of foodprint    n i EF efi 1 Equation (2) N EF ef  Equation (3) Where EF is total ecological FOOTPRINT (Gha), ef: per capita ecological FOOTPRINT in terms of Gha and N: total population of the country. Results and Discussion The amount of total food production and consumption in 2013 were estimated as 89. 5 and 94. 6 Mg, respectively with self-sufficiency coefficient (production: consumption ratio) of 0. 87. Self-sufficiency of cereals, oil crops and sugar crops were calculated as 0. 69, 0. 12 and 0. 48, respectively that shows these food groups are highly import-dependent. However, production of vegetables and fruits exceeded their consumption and for other food items consumption was balanced by production. Ecological FOOTPRINT of food estimated as 0. 88 Gha/person and increased to 1. 04 ha/person when calculated based on local hectares. Component analysis showed that this difference was due to lower efficiency of cereal and meat and dairy production systems of the country compared to world averages. Meat and dairy products accounted for 48% of food FOOTPRINT of Iran and 33% of this FOOTPRINT was due to cereals. Based on our results, Iranian food FOOTPRINT is higher than Asia (0. 7 Gh/person) and is almost the same as the world average (0. 9 Gh/peron). Moreover, FOOTPRINT of food is increased over the country by 76% during years 2000-2013 and this trend could led to severe environmental consequences. Conclusion Except for vegetable oils, sugar and cereals, the production and consumption of other groups of food materials are in balance, even for some groups such as fruits and vegetables. There is a small surplus in production over consumption for some extent dairy products. Foodprint for Iran is higher than the value for Asia and is similar to average for the world. In general, foodprint differs significantly amongst the nation and as expected this value is higher in those countries with higher consumption of meat. Higher demand for consumption of meat has caused an increase in indirect consumption of cereals for meat production. It should be noted that since foodprint is based on global hectare, comparison between countries and regions are simply possible. In fact if yield of a crop at national level is increased but world mean yield does not change, foodprint based on global hectare remains unchanged but if it is calculated on the bases of local hectare, foodprint will decrease. Therefore, system efficiency can be evaluated at national level, by comparison of foodprint at two different scales of global hectare and local hectare. Acknowledgement This research (14920. 1) was funded by vice chancellor for research of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which is hereby acknowledged.

Increasing global warming is the result of the gradual accumulation of greenhouse gases in the living environment. Energy production systems in general and electricity production in particular is one of the effective factors in the production of greenhouse gases. Therefore, on the one hand, environmental considerations and on the other hand, the limitation of fossil resources have made it necessary to change the energy production system and replace fossil fuels. In this regard, the use of renewable energy resources such as hydropower can be a good alternative to fossil fuels. This article has studied the effect of hydropower consumption on Iran's environment. Hence article has estimated the short-run and long-run relationship between hydropower consumption and different measures of environmental degradation including ecological FOOTPRINT, carbon FOOTPRINT, and CO2 emission in the Iranian economy during 1980-2018. For this purpose, the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach has been used. The estimation of the specified models indicates the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables included in these models and shows that in the short and long run, there is a significant negative relationship between hydropower consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, and carbon FOOTPRINTs. In other words, the use of hydropower in the short and long run reduces the carbon FOOTPRINT and emissions of carbon dioxide. Hydropower also affects the ecological FOOTPRINT in the short run.

Background: Identification is the starting point of criminal investigations and height estimation based on foot dimentions plays an important role in forensic identification; also, it can be used to determine gender and age. A review on researches revealed little once had estimated the height by using the anatomical markers. The purpose of this study is to estimate the height by using longitudinal, transverse and angular index of the foot.Methods: This is a semi-experimental study. The static FOOTPRINT of 20 males, 10 to 12 years old, using ink systempaper was recorded. Then, by using ImageJ software, quantitative indices were achieved. Height was estimated through Linear Regression Analysis.Findings: Results showed that, the best variable for a predictive equation in height estimatin is CACL-A4 (SEE =2.46, R2=0.51). Based on the findings, MPJ width in metatrsophalangeal joint area is the weakest one for height estimation (R2=0.26).Conclusion: Results in a static FOOTPRINT showed that the best index estimates the height is CACL-A4; while, in transverse indices, the arch width index is the best predictor.